My Human Anatomy 2 Notes 1

April 2019

SECTION A: TRUE AND FALSE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

STATE WHETHER THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS ARE TRUE(T) OR FALSE (F)

1. Exocrine glands secrete products into the bloodstream. F--into ducts

2. Hormones that act on neighbouring cells are called autocrines. F--paracrine

3. Eustress is productive stress that allows the body to prepare for challenges. T--positive stress

4. Natural killer cells are classified as agranular leukocytes. T

5. Platelet derived growth factor is a local hormone that allows proliferation of of smooth muscle. T

6. Fibrinolysis refers to the dissolution (breakdown) of blood clots by plasmin. T--plasmin cut fibrin

7. The plateau phase of the formation of action potential refers to the closure of potassium ion channels. T

8. The autorhythmic characteristic of cardiac muscle cells allow it to act as pacemakers. T

9. Isovolumetric contraction refers to the right and left ventricular systole. F--atrioventricular & semilunar valves close

10. Veins convey (trasnport) oxygenated blood from the tissues back to the heart. T

11. Resistance is defined as the opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the wall of the blood vessels.--ΔP/blood flow

12. Reabsorption is the movement of large amount of material from the capillaries into interstitial fluid. F--from interstitial fluid into capillaries

13. Immunity is also known as specific resistance. T

14. Exogenous antigens are synthesized within the body cells. F--endogenous

15. A T cell is negatively selected if they react to other self-proteins. T--bind to self antigen

16. Boyle’s Law states that each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases were present. F--the total pressure of the mixture depends solely on the number of moles of gas, regardless of the types and amounts of gases in the mixture--Dalton's Law

17. In internal respiration, oxygen diffuses out of capillaries into tissues and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues into capillaries. T

18. Hemoglobin’s affinity to oxygen refers to how strong hemoglobin can bind to oxygen. F

19. Deglutition is an involuntary process of swallowing. T--reflex

20. Deamination is the breakdown of large complex protein molecules to simple molecules. F--removal of amine grp

Digestive: https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/70700

Digestive system: https://www.easynotecards.com/notecard_set/93613

21. Segmentation is a localized contraction in areas of the large intestine containing food.--mainly small intestine

22. Glomerular filtration rate is defined as the amount of filtrate formed in all renal corpuscles of both kidneys every hour. F--minute

23. Myogenic mechanism refers to vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole due to systemic increase in blood pressure. T

24. The movement of materials through both apical and basal membranes of tubule cells is known as paracellular reabsorption. T--IC space

25. Natriuresis leads to increase in urine volume. F--The excretion of an excessively large amount of sodium in the urine

26. A buffer system neutralizes an acidic or base condition. T

27. Metabolic acidosis refers to low blood pH due to high levels of partial pressure of carbon dioxide. F--blood bicarbonate concentration

28. Secondary oocytes are known as gametes. F--ova, egg cells

29. Fertilization is the production of new individuals. T

30. The uterine/menstrual cycle refers to the changes in ovaries during and after the maturation of oocytes. F

SECTION C: SHORT ESSAY QUESTIONS (35 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Describe the role of parathyroid hormone in regulation of calcium ions. (8 Marks)

2. Recall the functional properties of arteries. (6 Marks)

3. Explain the mechanism of exhalation. (5 Marks)

4. Summarize the processing of exogenous antigens. (5 Marks)

5. Describe the role of carbon dioxide exhalation in acid-base homeostasis. (5 Marks)

6. Elaborate on the functions of oestrogen. (6 Marks)

Feb 2018

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. The nasal cavity is lined with

(A) transitional epithelium

(B) simple squamous epithelium

(D) ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium*

2. The fluid that lines the inside of the alveoli is produced by

(A) Type I alveolar cells

(B) Type II alveolar cells*

(D) capillary endothelial cells

3. MOST oxygen in the blood is transported as

(A) oxyhemoglobin*

(B) deoxyhemoglobin

(D) carboxyhemoglobin

4. The thoracic duct will empties lymph into the

(A) inferior vena cava

(B) superior vena cava

(D) right subclavian vein

5. The first line of innate defences against pathogens is/are

(A) fever

(B) antibodies

(D) intact skin and mucous membranes*--tears

6. In cell-mediated immunity, infected host cells are directly attacked by

(A) antibodies

(B) macrophages

(D) cytotoxic T cells*

7. The cardiovascular centre is located in the

(A) pons

(B) midbrain

(D) medulla oblongata*

8. Which of the following types of sensory receptors are involved in the regulation of blood pressure?

(A) baroreceptors*

(B) proprioceptors

(D) All of the above

9. Which of following events would lead to increased vascular resistance?

(A) decreased stroke volume

(B) increased blood viscosity*--thickness of fluids that affects their ability to flow.

(D) decreased total blood vessels length

10. When empty, the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called

(A) rugae*

(B) plicae

(D) gastric glands

11. Salivary amylase is an enzyme secreted into the oral cavity to start the digestion of

(A) lipids

(B) proteins

(D) carbohydrates*

12. The hormone secreted by intestinal glands that inhibits gastric emptying is

(A) gastrin

(B) ghrelin

(D) cholecystokinin*

13. Which of the following blood vessels delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

(A) aorta--carries blood away from your heart to body

(B) vena cava*--from upper half of body

(C) pulmonary veins--transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.

(D) pulmonary trunk--The pulmonary trunk is the first and largest vessel within the pulmonary arterial tree. It passes deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. It originates from the right ventricle and passes superiorly and posteriorly for about 4-5 cm.

14. Which of the following represents the CORRECT sequence of structures in the cardiac action potential conduction system?

(A) sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers*

(B) sinoatrial (SA) node, atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje fibers, bundle of His, right and left bundle branches

(D) sinoatrial (SA) node, bundle of His, atrioventricular (AV) node, Purkinje fibers, right and left bundle branches

15. Which of the following increases heart rate?

(A) sleep

(B) hypothyroidism--hyperthyroidism--secrete thyroid hormone

(D) parasympathetic stimulation--decrease heart rate

16. Which of the following hormones is released by an endocrine gland in response to direct stimulation by the nervous system?

(A) insulin

(B) cortisol

(D) epinephrine*

17. Antidiuretic hormone is produced in the

(A) thyroid gland

(B) hypothalamus

(D) posterior pituitary*

18. Cells that respond to a particular hormone are called

(A) target cells*

(B) receptor cells

(D) endocrine cells

19. Which of the following blood cells is an agranular leukocyte?

(A) basophil

(B) monocyte*

(D) eosinophil

20. Clotting that occurs in an unbroken blood vessel is called

(A) embolus--particle move in blood vessels, A blood clot tansported by the blood stream

(B) hematoma--leakage

(D) coagulation--blood vessels shrink

21. The destruction of red blood cells due to an incompatible blood transfusion is called

(A) hemolysis*

(B) fibrinolysis

(D) agglutination

22. The production of testosterone by Leydig cells is stimulated by

(A) inhibin

(B) dihydrotestosterone

(D) follicle stimulating hormone

23. The processes that produce the components of semen occur in the--bulbourethral glands, seminal vesicles.

(A) testes

(B) prostate gland

(D) All of the above*

24. The type of ovarian follicle that ruptures at the time of ovulation is called a

(A) primary follicle

(B) Graafian follicle*

(D) primordial follicle

25. Which of the following hormone is NOT produced by the kidneys?

(A) renin

(B) calcitonin*--parathyroid gland

(D) erythropoietin

26. MOST glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

(A) distal convoluted tubule

(B) ascending limb of Henle

(D) proximal convoluted tubule*

27. The urinary bladder is lined by

(A) transitional epithelium*

(B) simple cuboidal epithelium

(D) pseudostratified columnar epithelium

28. Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of sodium ions?

(A) aldosterone*

(B) angiotensinogen II

(D) atrial natriuretic peptide

29. The MAJOR difference in the composition of the plasma versus the interstitial fluid is

(A) osmolarity

(B) concentration of water

(D) concentration of protein anions*

30. The acid-base balance depends on the concentration of

(A) sodium ions

(B) calcium ions

(D) potassium ions

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. List the functions of testosterone. (6 Marks)

b. List only TWO (2) functions of progesterone. (4 Marks)

2. a. Define glomerular filtration rate (GFR). (2 Marks)

b. Identify the TWO (2) hormones which regulate GFR and their action. (4 Marks)

c. Recall the types of transport mechanisms used by solutes, water and small molecules during tubular reabsorption. (4 Marks)

3. a. Recognize the THREE (3) fluid compartments in the human body. (3 Marks)

b. Describe the role of electrolytes in the body. (7 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

a. Relate the structure of the erythrocyte to its function. (10 Marks)

b. Briefly describe platelet plug formation. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Explain the basic processes of digestion. (10 Marks)

b. Identify the composition and function of pancreatic juice. (10 Marks)

Question 3

a. Recall the different types of blood vessels and their functions. (10 Marks)

b. Define and discuss the movement of materials in bulk flow. (10 Marks)

Sept 2017

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. The two antagonistic hormones regulating blood calcium levels are

(A) insulin and glucagon

(B) thyroid and calcitriol

(D) adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisol

2. Which of the following describes the location of the thymus gland?

(A) anterior to the larynx--chest, heart

(B) superior to the kidneys--mediastinum

(D) posterior to the sternum*--behind

3. Which of the following endocrine glands is directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

(A) adrenal cortex

(B) adrenal medulla*--sympathetic

(D) posterior pituitary

4. Lymph from the lower limbs will drain into the

(A) thoracic duct*

(B) left subclavian vein

(D) right subclavian vein

5. Which of the following is a component of the second line of defense?--fever, recognition, inflammation, complement protein, phagocytosis, interferon

(A) plasma cell--B cell

(B) helper T cell

(D) natural killer cell*

6. The MAIN class of antibody that is secreted by plasma/B cells immediately after the initial exposure to any antigen is

(A) IgE

(B) IgA

(D) IgM*

7. The layer of the gastrointestinal tract containing smooth muscles that allows mixing and movement of materials along its length is called

(A) serosa

(B) mucosa*

(D) submucosa

8. When empty, the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called

(A) rugae*

(B) plicae

(D) gastric glands

9. MOST substances absorbed into the blood in the small intestine are carried to the liver by the

(A) hepatic vein

(B) hepatic artery

(D) common hepatic duct

10. Which of the following is described as the functional unit of the kidneys?

(A) calyces

(B) tubules

(D) glomeruli

11. Which of the following represents the CORRECT order of anatomical structures found in a nephron?

(A) glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule*

(B) proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule

(D) distal convoluted tubule, glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

12. The tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

(A) calyx

(B) ureter*

(D) collecting duct

13. The type of body fluid found inside cells is called

(A) plasma--blood

(B) cytoplasm*--cell

(D) intracellular fluid--within cell

14. Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of sodium ion (Na+)?

(A) aldosterone*

(B) angiotensin II

(D) atrial natriuretic peptide

15. The MOST abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

(A) sodium*

(B) calcium

(D) magnesium

16. Which of the following cells will enter Meiosis I?

(A) spermatid--differentiation-sperm

(B) spermatogonia---mitosis-primary sprematocyte

(D) secondary spermatocyte--meiosis 2-spermatid

17. The terminal duct carrying semen from the male reproductive system to the exterior is the

(A) ureter

(B) urethra*

(D) ejaculatory duct

18. The type of ovarian follicle that ruptures at the time of ovulation is called a

(A) corpus luteum

(B) primary follicle

(D) secondary follicle

19. The FIRST phagocytic cells to arrive at the site of a bacterial infection are

(A) basophils

(B) monocytes

(D) lymphocytes

20. The medical term that means stoppage of bleeding is

(A) haemolysis

(B) thrombosis

(D) hemostasis*

21. A person with blood type A has

(A) A antibodies in their plasma

(B) B antigens on their red blood cells--anti-B antibody

(D) A and B antibodies in their plasma

22. The left ventricle pumps blood directly into the

(A) ascending aorta*--toward head

(B) pulmonary trunk

(D) descending aorta--toward feet

right ventricle receives blood from right atrium into pulmonary artery/trunk

23. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

(A) bundle of His

(B) Purkinje fibres

(D) atrioventricular node

24. The cardiovascular centre that regulates cardiac output is located in the

(A) pons

(B) thalamus

(D) medulla oblongata*

25. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

(A) inhalation--inspiration occurs when alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure falls below atmospheric pressure. Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increases the size of the thorax, thus decreasing the intrapleural (intrathoracic) pressure so that the lungs expand. Expansion of the lungs decreases alveolar pressure so that air moves along the pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs. During forced inhalation, accessory muscles of inspiration (sternocleidomastoids, scalenes, and pectoralis minor) are also used.

(B) exhalation--Expiration (exhalation) is the movement of air out of the lungs. Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure. Exhalation becomes active during labored breathing and when air movement out of the lungs is impeded. Forced expiration employs contraction of the internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.

(C) internal respiration*--Exchange of gases between blood & tissues. Conversion of oxygenated blood into deoxygenated. Observe diffusion of O2 inward– at rest 25% of available O2 enters cells– during exercise more O2 is absorbed. Observe diffusion of CO2 outward.

(D) external respiration--O2 and CO2 diffuse from areas of their higher partial pressures to areas of their lower partial pressures Diffusion depends on partial pressure differences.

26. The fluid that lines the inside of the alveoli is produced by

(A) Dust cells

(B) Type I alveolar cells

(D) capillary endothelial cells

27. MOST carbon dioxide is transported in blood in the form of

(A) oxyhemoglobin

(B) bicarbonate ions*--CO2 + H2O =carbonic acid HCO3-+H+

(D) dissolved carbon dioxide

28. The endothelium that lines all blood vessels consists of

(A) transitional cells

(B) simple cuboidal cells

(D) simple squamous cells*

29. Gases and nutrients leave the blood and enter the tissues as they pass through the

(A) veins

(B) venules

(D) capillaries*

30. Blood flow is the slowest as it moves through the

(A) veins

(B) venules

(D) capillaries*

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. List the functions of thyroid hormones. (4 Marks)

b. Identify the zones of the adrenal cortex and the hormones they secrete. (6 Marks)

2. a. Define

i. Resistance (2 Marks)

ii. Immunity (2 Marks)

b. Recall the functions of the different types of T cells. (6 Marks)

3. a. Give an overview of the digestion of lipids. (6 Marks)

b. Name the FOUR (4) secondary organs of digestions. (2 Marks)

c. List the FOUR (4) digestive hormones. (2 Marks)SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

a. Give an overview of the kidney functions. (10 Marks)

b. Describe the layers of the urinary bladder wall and the sphincters associated with it. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Summarize the causes of impaired fluid and electrolytes homeostasis in the elderly. (10 Marks)

b. Describe the events that lead to water intoxication or swelling of cells. (10 Marks)

Question 3

a. Identify the functions of each of the female reproductive organs. (10 Marks)

b. With the aid of a diagram, describe the function of each component of the sperm structure. (10 Marks)

Jan 2017

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. The process of spermatogenesis occurs in the

(A) epididymis

(B) Sertoli cells

(D) seminiferous tubules*

2. The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the

(A) serosa

(B) perimetrium

(D) endometrium*

3. The hormone that works with oestrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is

(A) relaxin

(B) progesterone*

(D) follicle stimulating hormone

4. Synovial fluid is a component of

(A) plasma

(B) interstitial fluid*--extracellular fluid

(D) intravascular fluid--blood plasma

5. The thirst centre is located in the

(A) kidneys

(B) brainstem

(D) pituitary gland

6. The MOST abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

(A) sodium*

(B) calcium

(D) magnesium

7. The functional units of the kidneys are called

(A) calyces

(B) tubules

(D) glomeruli

8. The specialized epithelial cells that make up the visceral layer of the glomerular capsule are called

(A) podocytes*--modified simple squamous epithelial cells

(B) macula densa

(D) simple squamous cells

9. The process of expelling urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra is called

(A) filtration

(B) secretion

(D) micturition*--urination

10. The layer of the gastrointestinal tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the

(A) serosa

(B) mucosa

(D) submucosa*

11. Salivary amylase is an enzyme secreted into the oral cavity to start the digestion of

(A) lipids

(B) proteins

(D) carbohydrates*

12. Chyme is released from the stomach into the

(A) ileum

(B) caecum

(D) duodenum*

13. Which of the following is NOT an organ of the lymphatic system?

(A) spleen

(B) thymus

(C) appendix*--appendix is a pouch of lymphatic tissue that's attached to the large intestine. It's located in the lower-right area of the abdomen. Although it's made of lymphatic tissue, the appendix doesn't appear to have much lymphatic function in humans, but it does release some mucus into the large intestine.

(D) yellow bone marrow

14. Lymph from the upper right side of the body drains directly into the

(A) left thoracic duct

(B) right thoracic duct

(D) right subclavian vein

The thoracic lymph duct, the largest lymph vessel in the body, takes lymph from the lower and left halves of the body. Because the thoracic lymph duct drains the intestinal lymph trunks, it carries a mixture of lymph and emulsified fatty acids called chyle back to the bloodstream.

The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right and upper halves of the body, including the right sides of the jugular, bronchomediastinal, and subclavian lymph trunks.

The thoracic duct drains into to the left subclavian vein while the right duct drains into the right subclavian vein, both at the junction between the respective vein and the jugular vein. The two subclavian veins then merge into the vena cava, the large vein that brings deoxygenated blood to the heart. The lymph ducts each have internal valves at their junction with the subclavian vein. These function similarly to other lymphatic valves and prevent venous blood from flowing into the lymph duct. This point marks the end of lymph fluid’s journey through the lymphatic system.

15. In cell-mediated immunity, infected host cells are directly attacked by
(A) B cells
(B) antibodies
(C) helper T cells
(D) cytotoxic T cells*

16. Which of the following lists a CORRECT order in which inhaled air sequentially moves through the structures of the respiratory passageway?

(A) pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles*

(B) larynx, trachea, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles

(D) bronchioles, bronchi, pharynx, larynx, trachea

17. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of

(A) osmosis

(B) diffusion*

(D) active transport

18. Under resting conditions, the basic rhythm of breathing is controlled by the

(A) pons

(B) midbrain

(D) medulla oblongata*

19. The endothelium that lines all blood vessels consists of

(A) transitional cells

(B) simple cuboidal cells

(D) simple squamous cells*

20. All of the following hormones stimulate changes that increase blood pressure EXCEPT

(A) angiotensin II

(B) norepinephrine

(D) atrial natriuretic peptide*

21. Blood flow is the slowest as it moves through the

(A) veins

(B) venules

(D) capillaries*--smallest blood vessels

22. Which of the following blood vessels delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium?

(A) aorta

(B) vena cava*--superior

(D) pulmonary veins

23. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

(A) bundle of His

(B) Purkinje fibers

(D) atrioventricular node

24. The bulk of the structure of the heart consists of the

(A) epicardium--outer

(B) pericardium--surround heart

(D) endocardium--inner

25. The type of protein that is most plentiful in blood plasma is called

(A) albumin

(B) fibrinogen*--7%

(D) immunoglobulin

26. The average life span of red blood cells is

(A) 90 days

(B) 100 days

(D) 140 days

27. An allergic condition or parasitic infection leads to an elevated number of

(A) basophils*

(B) neutrophils

(D) lymphocytes

28. Which of the following hormones is released by an endocrine gland in response to direct stimulation by the nervous system?

(A) insulin

(B) cortisol

(D) epinephrine*--stress

29. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are released from liver, skeletal muscle, bones, cartilage and other tissues in response to

(A) glucagon

(B) thyroxine

(D) adrenocorticotrophic hormone

30. Calcitonin is a hormone released by the parafollicular cells of the

(A) pineal gland

(B) thyroid gland*

(D) parathyroid gland

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. Identify and state the functions of the organs of the urinary system. (8 Marks)

b. Recall only TWO (2) mechanisms that regulate glomerular filtration rate. (2 Marks)

2. a. State the name and functions of THREE (3) hormones which regulate urine production. (6 Marks)

b. Recall the mechanism of the protein buffer system. (4 Marks)

3. a. State the role of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in males during puberty. (5 Marks)

b. List the organs of the female reproductive system. (5 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

Explain the mechanics of normal and laboured

a. inspiration (10 Marks)

b. expiration (10 Marks)

Question 2

Summarize

a. the first line of innate defense (10 Marks)

b. phagocytosis (10 Marks)

Question 3

Summarize digestion and absorption in the

a. stomach (10 Marks)

b. large intestine (10 Marks)

Aug 2016

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is an endocrine gland?

(A) sweat gland

(B) pineal gland*

(D) ceruminous gland

2. An example of a hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is

(A) insulin

(B) oxytocin*

(D) melatonin

3. Triiodothyronine (T3) is a hormone released by the

(A) liver

(B) kidneys

(D) parathyroid gland

4. The thin layer of white blood cells and platelets found above the packed red cells in centrifuged blood is called the

(A) serum

(B) plasma

(D) haematocrit

5. The first phagocytic cells to arrive at the site of a bacterial infection are

(A) monocytes

(B) neutrophils*

(D) lymphocytes

6. The threads that hold a blood clot together are formed by

(A) fibrin*

(B) thrombin

(D) platelet plug

7. Which type of blood vessel contains walls that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane?

(A) veins

(B) venules

(D) capillaries*

8. Choose a factor that increases resistance.

(A) vasocontriction*

(B) decreased stroke volume

(D) reduced blood vessel length

9. The circulatory route that brings nutrient-rich oxygenated blood to the tissues throughout the body and back to the heart is the

(A) systemic circulation*--left side-oxygenated blood-aorta-arteries-arterioles in tissue-thinwalled capillaries (gases & nutrients exchange)-body-deoxygenated-venules merge-veins-right atrium

(B) coronary circulation--blood flow through vessels through myocardium-delivers oxygenated blood & nutrients-removes waste & CO2-blood supply to heart-heart relax, high BP in aorta push blood into coronary vessels

(C) pulmonary circulation--right side-deoxygenated blood-pulmonary trunk-pulmonary arteries-lungs (gases exchange)-oxygenated-pulmonary veins

(D) hepatic portal circulation

10. Which of the following structure protects the heart from over stretching?

(A) epicardium

(B) pericardium*

(D) endocardium

11. The left ventricle pumps blood directly into the

(A) aorta*--ascending aorta

(B) vena cava

(D) pulmonary veins

12. Changes in the blood pressure in the aorta and carotid sinus are detected by

(A) baroreceptors*

(B) proprioceptors

(D) chemoreceptors

13. Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

(A) alveoli*

(B) trachea

(D) terminal bronchioles

14. The exchange of gases that occurs during internal respiration takes place in the

(A) alveoli*

(B) tissues

(D) terminal bronchioles

15. MOST oxygen in the blood is transported as

(A) oxyhemoglobin*

(B) carboxyhemoglobin

(D) bicarbonate ions in plasma

16. Which of the following lymphocytes are capable of producing antibodies?

(A) plasma cells*

(B) memory B cells

(D) cytotoxic T lymphocytes--attack

17. A common function of the lymphatic system include

(A) carry out digestive processes

(B) site for substance exchange between tissues and lymph*

(D) transportation of proteins from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood--dietary lipids & V

18. Which of the following types of cells destroy infected host cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis?

(A) basophils

(B) mast cells

(D) cytotoxic T cells*

NK cells

19. The tongue is primarily composed of

(A) smooth muscle

(B) skeletal muscle*--covered with mucous membrane

(D) loose connective tissue

20. Most substances absorbed into the blood in the small intestine are carried to the liver by the

(A) hepatic vein

(B) hepatic artery

(D) common hepatic duct

21. The last portion of the large intestine is called the

(A) rectum*

(B) caecum

(D) tranverse colon

ileum, mesoappedix, vermiform appendix, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus

22. All of the following are components of the urinary system EXCEPT the

(A) ureter

(B) kidneys

(D) urinary bladder

23. MOST glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

(A) loop of Henle

(B) collecting duct

(D) proximal convoluted tubule*

24. The tubular structure that connects a kidney to the urinary bladder is the

(A) ureter*

(B) urethra

(D) renal tubules

25. Peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, lymph, aqueous humor, endolymph, and perilymph are all considered to be

(A) intracellular fluid

(B) extracellular fluid*

(D) intravascular flluid

26. The dehydration sensors in the body stimulate the thirst centre in response to

(A) decreased flow of saliva

(B) increased blood pressure

(D) increased blood flow to the kidneys

27. Which of the following hormones stimulates increased urinary excretion of sodium ions (Na+)?

(A) aldosterone*

(B) angiotensin II

(D) atrial natriuretic peptide

28. The production of testosterone by Leydig cells is stimulated by

(A) relaxin

(B) inhibin

(D) follicle stimulating hormone

29. The type of ovarian follicle that ruptures at the time of ovulation is called a

(A) corpus luteum

(B) primary follicle

(D) secondary follicle

30. Menstruation is directly caused by a decrease in the ovarian secretion of

(A) relaxin and inhibin

(B) oestrogen and progesterone*

(D) follicle stimulating hormone and oestrogen

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. Identify the structures of the respiratory system. (3 Marks)

b. Define Boyle’s Law. (2 Marks)

c. Define Henry’s Law. (2 Marks)

d. State only THREE (3) factors that decreases haemoglobin affinity towards oxygen. (3 Marks)

2. a. Name the structures within the wall of the oesophagus. (4 Marks)

b. Briefly explain the process of digestion in the mouth. (6 Marks)

3. a. Determine the factors that aid lymphatic flow. (3 Marks)

b. Identify primary lymphatic organs or tissues and their function. (2 Marks)

c. Identify secondary lymphatic organs or tissues and their function. (2 Marks)

d. List the types of chemical protection provided by the skin and mucous membrane. (3 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

a. Describe the functions of oestrogen and progesterone. (10 Marks)

b. With the aid of a diagram, identify the structures and functions of a sperm cell. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Explain protein and carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system. (10 Marks)

b. Discuss the function and regulation of potassium ions (K+). (10 Marks)

Question 3

a. Give an overview of only FIVE (5) renal functions. (10 Marks)

b. Identify the structures of the wall of the bladder and the urethral sphincters. (10 Marks)

Jan 2016

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following is defined as the fluid found inside cells?

(A) plasma

(B) cytoplasm*

(D) intracellular fluid

2. The acid-base balance depends on the concentration of

(A) sodium ions

(B) calcium ions

(D) potassium ions

3. Which following ions can be found more inside of a cell compared to the outside?

(A) sodium ions

(B) calcium ions*

(D) phosphate ions

4. The blood vessels having the smallest diameters are

(A) veins

(B) arteries

(D) capillaries*

5. Resistance is defined as

(A) number of heart beat per minute

(B) pressure exerted by blood on the wall of arteries

(D) opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and the wall of the vessels*

6. Venous return of blood to the heart occurs due to pressure created by

(A) the skeletal pump

(B) the respiratory pump

(D) All of the above*

7. Which enzyme is secreted in the oral cavity to start the digestion of carbohydrates?

(A) ribonuclease

(B) lingual lipase

(D) carboxypeptidase

8. When empty, the mucosa of the stomach contains large folds called

(A) villi

(B) rugae*

(D) gastric glands

9. Which digestive products are absorbed into the lacteals found in the villi?

(A) amino acids

(B) triglycerides*--fatty acids

(D) monosaccharides

10. Agranular leukocytes refer to white blood cells

(A) with no granules

(B) with many nucleus

(D) with multi-lobed nucleus

11. Which of the following breakdown products from hemoglobin can be recycled for protein synthesis?

(A) iron--stored in liver or spleen or used by the bone marrow for production of new erythrocytes

(B) heme--into bilirubin, orange pigment

(D) amino acids*--globin into aa

Globin, the protein portion of hemoglobin, is broken down into amino acids, which can be sent back to the bone marrow to be used in the production of new erythrocytes. Hemoglobin that is not phagocytized is broken down in the circulation, releasing alpha and beta chains that are removed from circulation by the kidneys.
The iron contained in the heme portion of hemoglobin may be stored in the liver or spleen, primarily in the form of ferritin or hemosiderin, or carried through the bloodstream by transferrin to the red bone marrow for recycling into new erythrocytes.
The non-iron portion of heme is degraded into the waste product biliverdin, a green pigment, and then into another waste product, bilirubin, a yellow pigment. Bilirubin binds to albumin and travels in the blood to the liver, which uses it in the manufacture of bile, a compound released into the intestines to help emulsify dietary fats. In the large intestine, bacteria breaks the bilirubin apart from the bile and converts it to urobilinogen and then into stercobilin. It is then eliminated from the body in the feces. Broad-spectrum antibiotics typically eliminate these bacteria as well and may alter the color of feces. The kidneys also remove any circulating bilirubin and other related metabolic byproducts such as urobilins and secrete them into the urine.

12. The medical term that means stoppage of bleeding is

(A) hemolysis

(B) hemostasis*

(D) hematopoesis

13. Which of the following hormones stimulates testosterone production?

(A) inhibin

(B) luteinising hormone*--Leydig cells

(D) follicle stimulating hormone

14. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone is secreted by

(A) adrenal gland

(B) thyroid gland

(D) posterior pituitary gland

15. The second stage of the physiological response to long-lasting stress is called the

(A) stressor stage

(B) alarm reaction (1)

(D) resistance reaction*

16. The layer of the heart responsible for its contractile action is the

(A) epicardium

(B) pericardium

(D) endocardium

17. Blood will flow from the right atrium into the

(A) aorta

(B) left ventricle

(D) pulmonary trunk

18. Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cardiac cycle?

(A) atrial systole

(B) relaxation period

(D) closure of aortic valve*

19. The cells that can directly destroy virus infected cells are

(A) basophils

(B) neutrophils

(D) T lymphocytes*--cytotoxic

20. The following are anatomical differences of a blood capillary and a lymphatic capillary EXCEPT a

(A) lymphatic capillary is a blind-ended tube

(B) blood capillary is smaller than a lymphatic capillary

(D) blood capillary is anchored to the surrounding tissues by anchoring filaments-*-lymph capillary

Lymphatic capillaries are highly permeable. Lymphatic capillaries are dead-end tubes. Lymphatic capillaries are closed tubes with flap-like valves that open to take in tissue fluid. Blood capillaries are part of a continuous system of blood vessels.Lymphatic capillaries are the tiny vessels of the lymphatic system that carry lymph. Blood capillaries are the smallest blood vessels of the circulatory system and they carry blood.

21. Cell mediated immunity refers to

(A) destruction of antigens by T cells

(B) destruction of antigens by antibodies

(C) activation of the complement system*--does not involve antibodies. cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen.

(D) ingestion of microbes or other particles like cell debris by phagocytes

22. During oogenesis, the cells formed by meiosis I are called

(A) ovum

(B) oogonium--mitosis

(D) secondary oocyte--meiosis 2-ovum

23. The terminal duct carrying semen from the male reproductive system to the exterior is the

(A) urethra*

(B) rete testes

(D) seminiferous tubules

24. The beginning of menstruation or the first menses in females is called

(A) menarche*

(B) menopause--更年期

(D) dysmenorrhea

25. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

(A) inhalation

(B) exhalation

(D) internal respiration*

26. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of

(A) osmosis

(B) diffusion*

(D) active transport

27. The C-shaped rings that provide support for the wall of the trachea are made out of

(A) bone

(B) ligament

(D) hyaline cartilage*

28. Which type of epithelial tissue found in the mucosal lining of the urinary bladder?

(A) transitional epithelium*

(B) simple squamous epithelium

(D) pseudostratified columnar epithelium

29. Tubular secretion is defined as

(A) movement of materials from the blood into the tubular fluid

(B) movement of materials from the blood into the capsular space

(D) movement of materials from the tubular fluid into the cells of the collecting duct*

30. Substances that do NOT normally filter from the blood into the glomerular capsule include

(A) glucose

(B) plasma proteins

(D) nitrogenous wastes*--tubular secretion

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. State only TWO (2) functions of sustentacular cells found in testes. (4 Marks)

b. Briefly describe the layers of the uterus. (3 Marks)

c. Recall only THREE (3) effects of ageing in the male reproductive system. (3 Marks)

2. a. Define acidosis and alkalosis. (4 Marks)

b. List TWO (2) general functions of electrolytes. (4 Marks)

c. Recognize TWO (2) hormones that will increase body fluid. (2 Marks)

3. a. Identify the organs of the urinary system. (4 Marks)

b. State the functions of the organs identified in 3(a). (4 Marks)

c. Recall only TWO (2) mechanisms that regulate glomerular filtration rate. (2 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

a. Describe the structure of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. (10 Marks)

b. Relate the structures stated in the answers to Question 1(a) to their functions. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Summarize only FIVE (5) general functions of hormones. (10 Marks)

b. Give an example of a hormone responsible for each of the function stated in the answer to Question 2 (a) and the glands that produce it. (10 Marks)

Question 3

a. Compare the structure of the wall of an artery, a vein and a capillary. (10 Marks)

b. Relate the structural differences stated in the answer to Question 3(a) to the function of the respective blood vessel. (10 Marks)

Aug 2015

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. In males, the hormone inhibin is produced by the

(A) Sertoli cells*

(B) Leydig cells

(D) pituitary gland

2. During spermatogenesis, the cells formed by meiosis II are called

(A) spermatids

(B) spermatozoa

(D) secondary spermatocytes

3. Which of the following is a function of oestrogen?

(A) decrease protein synthesis

(B) increase blood cholesterol level

(D) promote the development and maintenance of female reproductive structures*

4. Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

(A) loop of Henle

(B) collecting duct

(D) proximal convoluted tubule*

5. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

(A) storage of urine*

(B) maintenance of blood osmolarity

(D) regulation of blood volume and pressure

6. The urinary bladder is lined by

(A) transitional epithelium*

(B) simple cuboidal epithelium

(D) stratified squamous epithelium

7. Which of the following is NOT an endocrine gland?

(A) adrenal gland

(B) thyroid gland

(D) sudoriferous gland*

8. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on blood Ca2+ level, therefore they are considered to be

(A) agonistic

(B) synergists

(D) permissive

Endocrine quiz: https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/manhal.chbat/biol2402/self-quizzes/answer-key-self-quiz-18

9. Which of the following is a function of oxytocin?

(A) inhibits uterine contractions--stiimulates

(B) is made by females, but not males

(D) helps retain the attachment between the placenta and the uterus

10. The sites of exchange between the blood and the tissues are the

(A) veins

(B) arteries

(D) capillaries*

11. Which blood vessels act as blood reservoirs?

(A) veins and venules*--Veins regulate blood pressure and control blood flow to organs.

(B) arteries and arterioles

(D) arterioles and capillaries

12. How do most large, lipid-insoluble molecules move from the tissues into the capillaries?

(A) osmosis

(B) diffusion

(D) transcytosis*

Diffusion, the most widely-used mechanism, allows the flow of small molecules across capillaries such as glucose and oxygen from the blood into the tissues and carbon dioxide from the tissue into the blood. The process depends on the difference of gradients between the interstitium and blood, with molecules moving to low-concentrated spaces from high-concentrated ones.

Transcytosis is the mechanism whereby large, lipid-insoluble substances cross the capillary membranes. The substance to be transported is endocytosed by the endothelial cell into a lipid vesicle which moves through the cell and is then exocytosed to the other side.

Bulk flow is used by small, lipid-insoluble solutes in water to cross the the capillary wall. The movement of materials across the wall is dependent on pressure and is bi-directional depending on the net filtration pressure derived from the four Starling forces that modulate capillary dynamics.

13. Which of following shows the location of the heart?

(A) lateral to the lungs

(B) anterior to the sternum

(D) inferior to the diaphragm

14. Which of the following is a description of the circulation of blood?

(A) The circulation of the lungs is part of the pulmonary circuit.--systemic

(B) The first blood vessel in the systemic circuit is the vena cava.--superficial veins (beneath skin), superior vena cava drains head & upper extremities, inferior vena cava drains abdomen pelvis & lower limbs, coronary sinus is large vein draining the heart muscle back into heart

(D) The systemic circulation circuit receives blood from the right ventricle (pulmonary).--left ventricle

15. Blood passing through the bicuspid valve will enter the

(A) left atrium

(B) right atrium

(D) right ventricle

16. Most solutes in body fluids are

(A) lipids

(B) proteins

(D) amino acids

17. Most of the extracellular fluid is located

(A) between the cells

(B) within the joint cavities

(D) within the lymphatic vessels

18. Which control mechanism increases body fluid pH but does NOT remove acid from the body?

(A) buffer system*

(B) exhalation of CO2

(D) skin excretion of NH4+

https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/manhal.chbat/biol2402/self-quizzes/self-quiz-ch27

19. Which of the following is part of the lymphatic system?

(A) liver

(B) arteries

(D) red bone marrow*

20. Which of the following blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?

(A) plasma cells*

(B) helper T cells

(D) cytotoxic T cells

21. Which of the following is part of the second line of defense?

(A) urination

(B) defecation

(D) vaginal secretion

22. The type of protein that is most plentiful in blood plasma is called

(A) albumin*--abundant

(B) fibrinogen

(D) gamma globulin

23. Which of the following is a function of blood?

(A) transport lymph

(B) promote blood loss

(D) transport nutrients, wastes and gases*

24. Which of the following blood cells is an agranular leukocyte?

(A) basophils

(B) monocytes*

(D) thrombocytes

25. Hydrolysis of large biological molecules into smaller units that can be absorbed by cells is

(A) secretion

(B) ingestion--eat

(D) mechanical digestion

26. The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the

(A) serosa

(B) mucosa

(D) submucosa*

27. The tongue is primarily composed of

(A) smooth muscle

(B) skeletal muscle*

(D) loose connective tissue

28. Which muscles assist in inhalation when running up the stairs?

(A) rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, scalenes

(B) sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes*

(D) rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, internal intercostals

The accessory inspiratory muscles are the sternocleidomastoid, the scalenus anterior, medius, and posterior, the pectoralis major and minor, the inferior fibres of serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi, the serratus posterior superior may help in inspiration also the iliocostalis cervicis[6]. Technically any muscle attached to the upper limb and the thoracic cage can act as an accessory muscle of inspiration through reverse muscle action (muscle work from distal to proximal)[2]

The accessory expiratory muscles are the abdominal muscles: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis.

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis

29. The nasal cavity is lined with

(A) transitional epithelium

(B) simple squamous epithelium

(D) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium*

30. Which of the following is associated with aging of the respiratory system?

(A) increased vital capacity--decrease to 35% by 70 age

(B) decreased breathing difficulties

(D) decreased alveolar macrophage activities*

pneumonia, bronchitis, respiratory tissue & chest wall rigid

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. Define immunological resistance. (1 Marks)

b. Give an overview of the function of the lymphatic system. (8 Marks)

2. Name THREE (3) types of T cells and state their functions. (6 Marks)

3. a. Recognize only THREE (3) enzymes secreted by the pancreas. (3 Marks)

b. Briefly explain chemical digestion in the mouth and stomach. (6 Marks)

4. Identify how vitamins are absorbed. (6 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

a. Give an overview of the kidney functions. (10 Marks)

b. Explain the micturition reflex. (10 Marks)

Question 2

Summarize fluid and electrolytes homeostasis in

a. infants (10 Marks)

b. elderly (10 Marks)

Question 3

Identify only FIVE (5) structures and their functions of the

a. female reproductive system (10 Marks)

b. male reproductive system (10 Marks)

Jan 2015

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. Peritoneal fluid, lymph, aqueous humor, synovial fluid and aqueous humor are all considered to be ECF

(A) plasma--intravascular

(B) interstitial fluid--interstitial

(D) cerebrospinal fluid--transcellular fluid

2. The MOST abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

(A) sodium

(B) calcium*

(D) magnesium

3. The acid-base balance depends on the concentration of

(A) sodium ions

(B) calcium ions

(D) potassium ions

4. Exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissues occurs in the

(A) veins

(B) venules

(D) capillaries*

5. Under normal conditions, blood pressure is highest in the

(A) veins (5)

(B) arteries*

(D) arterioles (2)

capillary (3)

6. The MAIN vein draining blood from the heart muscle tissue is the

(A) cardiac vein

(B) coronary sinus*

(D) superior vena cava

7. The endothelium that lines all blood vessels consists of

(A) transitional cells

(B) simple cuboidal cells

(D) simple columnar cells

8. The thin layer of white blood cells and platelets found above the packed red cells in centrifuged blood is called the

(A) serum

(B) plasma

(D) haematocrit

9. The first phagocytic cells to arrive at the site of a bacterial infection are

(A) basophils

(B) monocytes

(D) neutrophils*

10. The heart valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle is the

(A) bicuspid valve*

(B) tricuspid valve--right atrium & right ventricle

(D) pulmonary semilunar valve--right ventricle & pulmonary trunk

11. The normal pacemaker of the heart is the

(A) bundle of His

(B) Purkinje fibers

(D) atrioventricular (AV) node

12. Which of the following stimulates an increase in heart rate?

(A) insulin

(B) oxygen

(D) parasympathetic stimulation

13. Chyme is released from the stomach into the

(A) ileum

(B) cecum

(D) duodenum*

14. Bile is produced by

(A) chief cells

(B) hepatocytes*--bile transpoerted by duct system to gallbaldder

(D) Kupffer’s cells

15. Which of the following digestion products are absorbed into the lacteals found within the villi?

(A) amino acids

(B) nucleic acids

(D) monosaccharides

16. All of the following are hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland EXCEPT

(A) prolactin

(B) luteinizing hormone

(D) human growth hormone

17. Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are released from liver, skeletal muscle, bones, cartilage and other tissues in response to

(A) insulin

(B) glucagon

(D) human growth hormone*

18. Which of the following hormones are responsible for the fight-or-flight response?

(A) cortisol

(B) oxytocin

(D) epinephrine*--adrenal gland

19. Lymph from the right side of the head will drain into

(A) aorta

(B) thoracic duct--left

(D) right lymphatic duct*

20. An example of a component of the first line of defence is

(A) fever

(B) intact skin*

(D) T lymphocytes

21. Which of the following types of cells destroy infected host cells by releasing granzymes that induce apoptosis?

(A) mast cells

(B) neutrophils

(D) natural killer cells

22. In males, the hormone inhibin is produced by the

(A) Sertoli cells*

(B) Leydig cells

(D) pituitary gland

23. Fertilization of the ovum by sperm usually occurs in the

(A) cervix

(B) uterus*

(D) uterine tubes

24. Menstruation is directly caused by a decrease in the ovarian secretion of

(A) inhibin and oestrogen

(B) progesterone and inhibin

(D) oestrogen and follicle stimulating hormone

25. The exchange of gases that occurs during external respiration takes place in the

(A) tissues

(B) alveoli*

(D) terminal bronchioles

26. Approximately how much of the total CO2 in the blood is carried as bicarbonate?

(A) 10%

(B) 30%

(D) 70%*--23% combine with globin=carbaminohemoglobin, 7% dissolved in plasma

7% dissolved in plasma, 23% globin

27. Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane?

(A) capillary endothelial cells

(B) thin layer of smooth muscle*

(D) alveolar squamous epithelial cells

28. The small blood vessel carrying blood directly out of the glomerulus is the

(A) renal vein

(B) efferent arteriole*

(D) peritubular capillary

29. The distal convoluted tubules empty directly into the

(A) major calyx

(B) Loop of Henle

(D) proximal convoluted tubule

30. Glomerular filtration rate is decreased with the increase in

(A) blood pressure

(B) parasympathetic activity

(D) secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. a. Define fluid balance. (2 Marks)

b. What is the primary method of movement of water from one compartment to another? (1 Mark)

c. State the FOUR (4) hormones that regulate urine production. (4 Marks)

d. Identify renal functions. (3 Marks)

2. a. State the role of luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone in males during puberty. (5 Marks)

b. List the organs of the female reproductive system. (5 Marks)

3. a. Compare the different types of circulation. (6 Marks)

b. Define resistance and recall TWO (2) factors that increase resistance. (4 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

Explain the mechanics of normal and laboured breathing. (20 Marks)

Question 2

Describe the functions of saliva and its regulation. (20 Marks)

Question 3

Identify and state the functions of the formed elements in blood. (20 Marks)

Aug 2014

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

CHOOSE ONE BEST STATEMENT TO ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. Synovial fluid is an extracellular fluid found in

(A) joints*

(B) the eye

(D) serous membranes

2. The dehydration sensors in the body stimulate the thirst centre in response to

(A) decreased saliva

(B) increased blood volume

(D) decreased glomerular filtration rate

3. The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

(A) sodium*

(B) calcium

(D) potassium

4. Under normal conditions, blood pressure is highest in the

(A) veins

(B) arteries*

(D) arterioles

5. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone released by the atria of the heart that

(A) increases blood volume

(B) reduces loss of water in the urine

(D) stimulates changes that lead to decreased blood pressure

6. The circulatory route from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium is called

(A) systemic circulation

(B) coronary circulation

(D) hepatic portal circulation

7. The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the

(A) serosa

(B) mucosa

(D) submucosa*

8. The digestion of proteins into peptides starts in the

(A) mouth

(B) stomach*--HCl

(D) oesophagus

9. Which of the following digestion products are absorbed into the lacteals found within the villi?

(A) nucleotides

(B) amino acids--into blood

(D) monosaccharides--into blood

GI system : https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324926117_Gastrointestinal_System

10. Which of the following vessels carries blood with the highest concentration of oxygen under normal conditions?

(A) pulmonary veins

(B) inferior vena cava

(D) pulmonary arteries

11. Which of the following stimulates an increase in heart rate?

(A) dopamine

(B) acetylcholine

(D) parasympathetic stimulation

12. Blood is ejected into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta during

(A) atrial systole

(B) atrial diastole

(D) ventricular diastole

13. Which of the following organs contain hormone-secreting cells?

(A) spleen

(B) bladder

(D) large intestine

14. Which of the following pituitary hormones stimulates testosterone production by the testes?

(A) growth hormone

(B) luteinising hormone*

(D) thyroid stimulating hormone

15. The second stage of the physiological response to long-lasting stress is called the

(A) exhaustion

(B) alarm reaction

(D) fight or flight response

16. An allergic condition or parasitic infection leads to an elevated number of

(A) monocytes

(B) neutrophils

(D) lymphocytes

17. The threads that hold a blood clot together are formed by

(A) fibrin

(B) plasmin

(D) thrombin

18. The destruction of red blood cells due to an incompatible blood transfusion is called

(A) crenation

(B) hemolysis

(D) agglutination

19. All the following vitamins are transported from the gastrointestinal tract into the blood by the lymphatic system EXCEPT

(A) vitamin A

(B) vitamin B

(D) vitamin E

20. Afferent lymphatic vessels carry lymph into the

(A) spleen

(B) tonsils

(D) lymph nodes*

21. In cell-mediated immunity, infected host cells are directly attacked by

(A) B cells

(B) antibodies

(D) cytotoxic T cells*

22. During spermatogenesis, the cells formed by meiosis II are called

(A) spermatids

(B) spermatozoa

(D) secondary spermatocyte

23. The initial secretion of oestrogens by the growing ovarian follicles is directly stimulated by

(A) relaxin

(B) progesterone

(D) follicle stimulating hormone*

24. The layer of the uterine wall that is shed during menstruation is the

(A) serosa

(B) perimetrium

(D) endometrium*

25. Which of the following does NOT belong to the conducting zone of the respiratory system?

(A) alveoli

(B) bronchi

(D) tertiary bronchioles

26. Gas exchange in the lungs occurs across the respiratory membrane by the process of

(A) osmosis

(B) diffusion*

(D) active transport

27. A factor that increases affinity of haemoglobin to oxygen is

(A) decreased pH---affinity decrease

(B) increased temperature--decrease affinity

(D) increased 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (BPG)--decrease affinity

28. The small blood vessel carrying blood directly out of the glomerulus is the

(A) renal vein

(B) renal artery

(D) afferent arteriole

29. All of the following transport processes are commonly used in tubular reabsorption EXCEPT

(A) osmosis

(B) filtration*

(D) active transport

30. Most of the water will be reabsorbed in the

(A) loop of Henle

(B) collecting duct

(D) proximal convoluted tubule*

SECTION B : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

1. Define

a. Acidosis (2 Marks)

b. Alkalosis (2 Marks)

c. Buffer system (2 Marks)

d. Fluid balance (2 Marks)

e. Interstitial fluid (2 Marks)

2. a. Name the muscles used in forced inspiration and expiration. (5 Marks)

b. How are oxygen and carbon dioxide transported in blood? (5 Marks)

3. a. Identify the mechanisms that aid in venous return. (4 Marks)

b. Recognize the factors that contribute to resistance in blood vessels. (6 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

ANSWER TWO (2) QUESTIONS ONLY

Question 1

Describe the first line of defence. (20 Marks)

Question 2

Discuss the role of testosterone in males and oestrogen in females. (20 Marks)

Question 3

Explain renal autoregulation and neural regulation of glomerular filtration rate. (20 Marks)

Jan 2014

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Choose ONE best statement to answer the questions.

1. The process of spermatogenesis occurs in the

(A) epididymis

(B) Sertoli cells

(D) seminiferous tubules

2. The doughnut-shaped accessory sex gland that surrounds the upper portion of the urethra in males is the

(A) prostate gland

(B) seminal vesicle

(D) bulbourethral gland

3. The hormone that works with estrogen to prepare the endometrium for implantation of a fertilized egg is

(A) prolactin

(B) progesterone

(D) follicle stimulating hormone

4. All of the following are endocrine glands EXCEPT

(A) pineal gland

(B) sweat glands

(D) parathyroid glands

5. An example of a hormone that under certain circumstances is regulated by positive feedback is

(A) insulin

(B) glucagon

(D) calcitonin

6. Glucocorticoids, such as cortisol, are steroid hormones produced by the

(A) pineal gland

(B) thyroid gland

(D) adrenal glands

7. Blood plasma is a component of

(A) interstitial fluid

(B) intracellular fluid

(D) whole body water

8. Most solutes in body fluids are

(A) lipids

(B) sugars

(D) electrolytes

9. The most abundant cation in extracellular fluid is

(A) sodium

(B) calcium

(D) magnesium

10. Which of the following blood cells is an agranular leukocyte?

(A) basophil

(B) monocyte

(D) erythrocyte

11. An allergic condition or parasitic infection leads to an elevated number of

(A) neutrophils

(B) eosinophils

(D) macrophages

12. A person with blood type A has

(A) A antibodies in their plasma

(B) B antigens on their red blood cells

(D) A and B antibodies in their plasma

13. Together with the skin and the liver, the kidneys help synthesize ___, which is the active form of vitamin D.

(A) renin

(B) calcitriol

(D) erythropoietin

14. The functional units of the kidneys are called

(A) calyces

(B) tubules

(D) glomeruli

15. Most glucose molecules that enter the filtrate are reabsorbed in the

(A) collecting duct

(B) distal convoluted tubule

(D) proximal convoluted tubule

16. Oxygenated blood is transported from the lungs through the pulmonary veins into the

(A) left atrium

(B) right atrium

(D) right ventricle

17. Cardiac output is defined as the

(A) total volume of blood within the body

(B) number of times that heart beats per minute

(D) volume of blood pumped per minute by the left ventricle

18. The bulk of the structure of the heart consists of the

(A) epicardium

(B) pericardium

(D) endocardium

19. The layer of the GI tract wall containing a large number of blood and lymphatic vessels that receive absorbed food molecules is called the

(A) serosa

(B) mucosa

(D) submucosa

20. Which of the following substances can be absorbed in the stomach?

(A) alcohol

(B) glucose

(D) triglycerides

21. Bile is produced by

(A) beta cells

(B) chief cells

(D) Kupffer’s cells

22. Which type of blood vessel contains walls that are composed of a single layer of endothelial cells and a basement membrane?

(A) veins

(B) arteries

(D) capillaries

23. Vascular resistance is affected by

(A) blood viscosity

(B) total blood vessel length

(D) All of these choices are correct

24. The exchange of gases between blood in the systemic capillaries and tissue cells is called

(A) expiration

(B) internal respiration

(D) pulmonary respiration

25. Type of sensory neurons located in the aortic and carotid bodies that monitor carbon dioxide and oxygen levels in the arterial blood are

(A) nociceptors

(B) baroreceptors

(D) mechanoreceptors

26. Histamine is a mediator of allergic reactions that causes

(A) bronchodilation

(B) bronchoconstriction

(D) vasoconstriction of pulmonary arteries

27. Most oxygen in the blood is transported as

(A) oxyhemoglobin

(B) deoxyhemoglobin

(D) gas dissolved in plasma

28. Which of the following blood cells are capable of producing antibodies?

(A) plasma cells

(B) helper T cells

(D) cytotoxic T cells

29. The first line of innate defenses against pathogens is

(A) complement

(B) inflammation

(D) intact skin and mucous membranes

30. In cell-mediated immunity, infected host cells are directly attacked by

(A) antibodies

(B) macrophages

(D) cytotoxic T cells

2. Define and state the principle effect of

a. Acidosis (3 Marks)

b. Alkalosis (3 Marks)

3. a. What are the functional properties of arteries? (4 Marks)

b. List only FOUR (4) factors that affect blood pressure. (4 Marks)

4. What are the advantages of the red blood cell being biconcave in shape? (4 Marks)

5. Starting from the right side of the heart, list the structures in which blood will flow through in a cardiac cycle. (6 Marks)

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions only

Question 1

Describe the mechanics of normal and forced breathing. (20 Marks)

Question 2

Describe the layers of the gastrointestinal tract. (20 Marks)

Question 3

Explain the effects of aging on the male and female reproductive system. (20 Marks)

Aug 2013

SECTION A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Choose the best option to answer the questions.

1. Which of the following is NOT hormonal interaction in the endocrine system?

(A) Agonist effect

(B) Permissive effect

(D) Antagonist effect*

antagonism: When a substance binds to the same site an agonist would bind to without causing activation of the receptor.
synergism: Two or more things functioning together to produce a result not independently obtainable.
permissiveness: A certain relationship between hormones and the target cell when the presence of one hormone, at a certain concentration, is required in order to allow a second hormone to fully affect the target cell.

2. What sign/symptom created by disorder of anterior pituitary gland?

(A) Goiter

(B) Tremor

(D) Exophthalmoses

3. Which of the following disease is caused by hypersecretion of glucocorticoids hormone?

(A) Goiter

(B) Acromegaly--overproduction of GH

(D) Cushing's Syndrome*--abnormal high cortisol level

https://geekymedics.com/endocrinology-quiz/

4. Which of the following is considered as secondary lymphatic organ?

(A) Liver

(B) Spleen*

(D) Red bone marrow

5. Dead phagocytes, damaged tissue cells and fluid is known as

(A) pus*

(B) boil

(D) pimples

6. What are the functions of the spleen related to blood cell?

I. production of blood cells during fetal life

II. produce antibodies through the activity of B cells

III. storage of platelets, up to one-third of the body’s supply

IV. removal by macrophages of ruptured , worn out, or defective blood cells and platelets

(A) I, II and III

(B) I, II and IV

(D) II, III and IV*

7. Which of the following is the site of substance exchange between the blood and body tissues?

(A) arteries

(B) venules

(D) vaso vasorum

8. Which of the following WBC will go up from its normal range if there is allergy reaction?

(A) eosinophil*--basophil--inflammation

(B) monocytes

(D) lymphocyte

9. Which structure situated lateral to larynx?

(A) facial artery

(B) brachial artery

(D) common carotid artery

carotid/facial

10. The normal pH range of systemic arterial blood is between ________________.

(A) 7.05-7.15

(B) 7.15-7.25

(D) 7.35-7.45*

11. Which of the following describe of abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if filtration exceeds reabsorption?

(A) oedema*

(B) syncope

(D) atherosclerosis

12. Which of the following disease can contribute of increase RBCs over 65% , dehydration and tissue hypoxia?

(A) Anemia--decrease

(B) Thalassemia

(D) Sickle cell anemia

13. Cardiogenic shock can result from _______________.

(A) embolism

(B) ischaemia

(D) haemorrhage

14. What structure of the heart is directed posteriorly, superiorly and to the right?

(A) base*

(B) apex--anterior, inferior, to left

(D) inferior surface--rest on diaphragm

15. Why ventricle walls thicker than atria walls?

(A) They deliver blood to the atria.

(B) They absorb the blood to the lungs. *--right; left ventricle:thickest, systemic circulation

(D) They transport and absorb blood to the lymphatic system.

16. Which of the following glands are the salivary glands?

I. parotid gland

II. sublingual gland

III. submaxillary gland--Lubricates and moisturizes your mouth and throat. Starts digestion by helping break down food with moisture and enzymes. Manages the pH level (acidity) of your mouth.

IV. subtonsil gland--lingual

(A) I, II and III

(B) I, II and IV*

(D) I, II, III and IV

17. What is the name given to the digested material moving through the intestine?

(A) bolus

(B) feces

(D) secretion

18. What are the compositions of urine?

I. urea

II. excess water

III. excess ion

IV. toxic wastes

(A) I and II

(B) II and IV

(D) I, II, III and IV*

19. The chemical breakdown of proteins begins in the

(A) mouth

(B) stomach*

(D) small intestine

20. A follicle ready for ovulation is known as

(A) primary follicle

(B) corpus albicans

(D) secondary follicle

21. Which of the following structure produce secretions that supply nutrients for the developing sperm?

(A) sertoli cells*

(B) spermatid cells

(D) interstitial cells of leydig--testosterone

22. Which of the following structure controls the passage of food into the stomach?

(A) ileocecal valve

(B) pyloric sphincter

(D) lower esophageal sphincter*

23. What structure covered the dentin of a tooth?

(A) enamel*

(B) cementum

(D) periodental ligament

24. Which of the following structure is a component of the large intestine?

(A) ileum

(B) rectum*

(D) duodenum

25. The bladder can hold _____________ of urine.

(A) 200 to 300 ml

(B) 200 to 400 ml

(D) 700 to 800 ml

26. Which of the following is the functional units of the kidneys?

(A) nephrons*

(B) medulla

(D) renal capsule

27. The circular pigmented area of skin surrounding the nipple is called

(A) areola*

(B) amnion

(D) adipose tissue

28. Which of the following structure is the diamond-shaped area between the thighs and buttocks of both males and females?

(A) perineum*

(B) pudendum

(D) seminal vesicles

29. Where is the site of sperm maturation and storage?

(A) septa

(B) epididymis*

(D) tunica albuginea

30. Which of the following is the structures of female reproductive system?

(A) testes

(B) epididymis

(D) mammary gland*

SECTION C: MODIFIED ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions questions questions questions only.

Question 1

a. Describe functions of the lymphatic system. (5 Marks)

b. Describe the route of fluid transport in lymphatic system. (5 Marks)

c. Describe systemic and pulmonic circulation of the blood. (10 Marks)

Question 2

Discuss the THREE (3) phases of menstrual cycle. (20 Marks)

Question Question Question Question 3

a. Describe FOUR (4) functions of the nose. (4 Marks)

b. Discuss the TWO (2) phases of breathing. (16 Marks)

Jan 2013

SECTION A : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Choose ONE best statement to answer the questions.

1. Which of the following is a constituent of plasma?

(A) platelets

(B) red blood cells

(D) white blood cells

2. Which of the following arise from the lymphoid stem cell?

(A) T cell*

(B) basophil--myeloid

(D) erythrocyte

3. How do leukocytes differ from erythrocytes?

(A) Leukocytes have nuclei, erythrocytes do not.*

(B) Erythrocytes have MHC antigens, leukocytes do not.

(D) Leukocytes cannot leave the blood vessels, erythrocytes can.

4. The blood vessels that drain blood directly from the capillary beds are the

(A) veins

(B) venules*

(D) muscular arteries

5. Place the following in the order in which blood flows through them, starting with

the heart

I. heart

II. veins

III. arteries

IV. venules

V. arterioles

VI. capillaries

(A) I, II, III, IV, V, VI

(B) I, III, V, II, IV, VI

(D) I, II, IV, VI, V, III

6. Which of the following stimuli trigger a neural response to raise blood pressure?

(A) moving from standing to lying down

(B) increased in pH detected by the carotid or aortic body

(D) increased in CO2 detected by the carotid or aortic body

7. Which of the following is NOT part of the digestive system?

(A) tongue

(B) stomach

(D) small intestine

8. Which of the following is a description of the structure of the pancreas?

(A) It lies anterior to the liver.

(B) It is divided into two lobes.

(D) It is connected to the duodenum by the pancreatic duct and the accessory duct.*

9. Which of these substances digest triglycerides?

(A) bile*

(B) pepsin

(D) deoxyribonuclease

10. Which of the following is not caused by hormones?

(A) synthesis of new molecules

(B) alteration of the rate of metabolism

(D) stimulating the contraction of skeletal muscle

11. Calcitonin and parathyroid hormones have opposite effects on blood Ca2+ level, therefore they are considered to be

(A) agonistic

(B) synergists

(D) antagonist*

https://learning.hccs.edu/faculty/manhal.chbat/biol2402/self-quizzes/answer-key-self-quiz-18

12. Increased level of thyroid stimulating hormone would cause

(A) decrease lipolysis

(B) increase T3/T4 synthesis

(D) increase thyroid releasing hormone synthesis

13. Which of the following is classified as intracellular fluid?

(A) lymph

(B) cytosol*

(D) synovial fluid--transcellular

14. If water loss exceeds water intake,

(A) dehydration occurs*

(B) more urine will be formed

(D) the thirst centre in hypothalamus will be inhibited

15. Which of the following substances is found in higher concentration in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid?

(A) K+*

(B) O2

(D) glucose

16. The position of the heart is

(A) anterior to the lungs--sternum, ribs

(B) posterior to the sternum

(D) superior to the oesophagus

17. Each of the cardiac valves

(A) has three cusps

(B) ensures one-way blood flow through the heart

(D) opens and closes in response to stimulation by nerves

18. During the plateau phase of cardiac contractile action potential,

(A) slow Cl- channels close

(B) fast Na+ channels open

(D) voltage gated Ca2+ channels open--slow

19. Which of the following is NOT a constituent of lymph?

(A) lipids

(B) proteins

(D) erythrocytes*

20. What do all nonspecific defences have in common?

(A) They consist of lymphocytes.

(B) They provide immediate protection.*

(D) They are only present during adulthood.

21. Which substance prevents viral replication?

(A) sebum

(B) interferon*

(D) complement

22. Which of the following is a function of Leydig cells?

(A) secrete inhibin

(B) secrete oestrogen

(D) secrete progesterone

23. The seminal fluid contains the following substances EXCEPT

(A) fructose

(B) prostaglandins

(D) clotting proteins

24. Which of the following is a description of the structure of uterine (Fallopian) tubes?

(A) They are attached to the cervix.

(B) They are lined with simple squamous epithelium.

(D) They transport sperm, secondary oocytes and zygotes.

25. One of the functions of the external nose is to

(A) modify speech vibration

(B) detect gustatory sensation

(D) cool the air entering entering the respiratory system*

26. Which muscles are used in forced inhalation?

(A) rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, scalenes

(B) sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis minor, scalenes*

(D) rectus abdominis, pectoralis major, internal intercostals

27. How is carbon dioxide (CO2) transported in blood?

(A) as carbonic acid*

(B) as hydrogen ions

(D) as oxyhemoglobin

28. Each of the following is a waste product normally secreted by the kidneys EXCEPT

(A) urea

(B) glucose*

(D) creatinine

https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/urinary-system-practice-qs-1042872/packs/1578207

29. The blood vessels that supply the kidneys are the

(A) renal arteries*

(B) cystic arteries

(D) afferent arteries

30. Mechanisms that control glomerular filtration include

(A) neural control

(B) hormonal control

(D) all of the above*

2. Define the following terms.

a. Antagonistic effect

b. Permissive effect

c. Synergistic effect

d. Upregulation of receptors

e. Downregulation of receptors (10 Marks)

3. List the function of the following cells.

a. Helper T cell

b. Cytotoxic T cell

c. Memory T cell

d. Memory B cell

e. Plasma cell

SECTION C : ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions only

Question 1

a. Summarise the steps in spermatogenesis. (10 Marks)

b. Describe the hormonal control of spermatogenesis. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Summarise the regulation of fluid gain in dehydration. (10 Marks)

b. Summarise the THREE (3) major mechanisms in regulation of pH. (10 Marks)

Question 3

a. Summarise the hormonal regulation of blood pressure. (10 Marks)

b. Describe the neural regulation of blood pressure when blood pressure is low. (10 Marks)

1/2011/2012

PART A: OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Choose ONE best statement to answer the questions.

1. Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary is a

(A)prolactin hormone.

(B) calcitonin hormone.

(D)testosterone hormone.

2. Which of the following hormone promotes sodium transport from the filtrate?

(A)Parathyroid hormone.

(B) Antidiuretic hormone.

(D)Progesterone hormone.

3. Heart sounds is made as the result

(A)smoothly flowing blood.

(B) the cardiac valves closing.

(D)smoothly flowing lymph fluid.

4. Blood transported by the pulmonary veins returns to the

(A)left atrium.

(B) right atrium.

(D)right ventricle.

5. A substance that inhibit blood clotting.

(A)Fibrin.

(B) Heparin.

(D)Vitamin K.

6. The valve located between the right atrium and the right ventricle is the

(A) mitral valve.

(B) bicuspid valve.

(D)semilunar valve.

7. Which of the following is NOT a function blood?

(A)Regulates pH.

(B) Promote blood loss.

(D)Transports nutrients, wastes and gases.

8. The sites of exchange between the blood and the tissues is at the

(A)venules.

(B) arteries.

(D) capillaries.

9. Systemic circulation

(A) carries oxygen-enriched blood from the right ventricle through the aorta to the body tissues.

(B) takes venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs into the hepatic portal vein of the liver.

(D) carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs from the left ventricle via the pulmonary trunk.

10. The first line of defense against pathogens includes

(A) fever and lysozyme.

(B) interferon and complement.

(D)the skin and mucous membranes.

11. All the following are functions of lymphatic system EXCEPT

(A) absorbing fats from the digestive system.

(B) defending the body against infectious disease.

(D)reabsorbing fluid lost from the capillaries and transporting it to the blood.

12. How does immunity differ from nonspecific defenses?

(A)Immunity displays memory.

(B) Immunity requires lysozyme discourage microbial growth.

(D)Immunity provides protection against general foreign antigens.

13. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

(A)Regulation of blood volume.

(B) Transport urine to the urinary bladder.

(D)Excretion of wastes and foreign substances.

14. Which of the following prevents the movement of food deep into the trachea?

(A)Uvula.

(B) Epiglottis.

(D)Cricoids cartilage.

15. Which of the following system that cooperate to supply oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide in human body?

A. Nervous and lymphatic system.

B. Reproductive and urinary system.

C. Gastrointestinal and endocrine system.

D. Cardiovascular and respiratory system.

16. Which of the following is NOT TRUE for larynx?

(A)Normally receives only food.

(B) Contains the thyroid cartilage.

(D)The primary site of voice production.

17. Cells that secrete bile is the

(A)liver.

(B) goblet.

(D)submandibular.

18. Which of the following substance can cause lubricates and starts the chemical digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth?

(A)Bile.

(B) Saliva.

(D)Hydrochloric acid.

19. Which of the following part in gastrointestinal tract receives the bolus from esophagus and delivers chyme to the duodenum?

(A)Larynx.

(B) Rectum.

(C)Jejunum.

(D)Stomach.

20. Each of the following is a waste product normally secreted by the kidneys EXCEPT

(A)urea.

(B) glucose.

(D) ammonia.

21. Which of the following statement is TRUE for production of dilute urine?

(A)When ADH level is very low, the kidneys produce dilute urine.

(B) When ADH level is very high, the kidneys produce dilute urine.

(D)When thyroid hormone level is very high, the kidneys produce dilute urine.

22. Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

(A)The stomach and the liver.

(B) The lungs and the kidneys.

(D)The adrenal glands and the testes.

23. Each of the following is classified as an extracellular fluid EXCEPT

(A)lymph.

(B) plasma.

(D)synovial fluid.

24. Which of the following lists body sites in order of increasing water loss?

(A)GI tract, lungs, skin, kidneys.

(B) kidneys, skin, lungs, GI tract.

(D)kidneys, lungs, skin, GI tract.

25. Each of the following electrolytes is found in higher concentrations in intracellular fluid than in extracellular fluid EXCEPT

(A)Cl-.

(B) K+.

(D)Mg2+.

26. The main function of the large intestine is

(A)formation of feces.

(B) elimination of feces.

(D)production of hydrochloric acids.

27. Function of the estrogen hormone is

(A)increase blood cholesterol.

(B) decrease protein anabolism.

(D)promote development and maintenance of female reproductive structures.

28. Implantation normally occurs in the

(A)ovary.

(B) uterus.

(D)uterine tube.

29. Function of the testosterone hormone is

(A)decrease protein anabolism.

(B)stimulates ovum maturation.

(D)stimulates development of male secondary sex characteristics.*

30. What a role of Spermatogenesis?

(A)To produce sperm cells from spermatogonia.*

(B) To produce seminiferous tubule from sperm cells.

(D)To produce ovum cells from secondary spermatocyte cells.

PART B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Answer ALL questions.

1. a. Define a cardiology. (2 Marks)

b. Draw and label a normal electrocardiogram. Explain each wave and complex represents. (8 Marks)

2. a. State the functions of liver. (2 Marks)

b. Briefly describe the SIX (6) basic processes of digestion. (8 Marks)

3. a. Determine FIVE (5) type antibody actions in the human body. (5 Marks)

b. Determine FIVE (5) characterize of the first line of defense in the human body. (5 Marks)

PART C – ESSAY QUESTIONS (40 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions only.

Question 1

Discuss the FOUR (4) phases of the female reproductive cycle. (20 Marks)

Question 2

Homeostasis is a chain of events that stops bleeding. Discuss the three mechanisms that reduce blood loss. (20 Marks)

Question 3

Discuss about inspiration and expiration. (20 Marks)

1/2010/2011

SECTION 1

PART A : SINGLE RESPONSE QUESTIONS (30 MARKS)

Choose ONE best statement to answer the questions.

1. Which of the following does NOT contain endocrine tissue?

A. Pituitary.

B. Thyroid.

C. Adrenal.

D. Gall bladder.

2. Implantation of a fertilized ovum generally occurs in the

A. fallopian tubes.

B. Uterus.*

C. Ovary.

D. Vagina.

3. Which of the following is NOT typically caused by a hormone?

A. Synthesis of new molecules.

B. Alteration of plasma membrane permeability.

C. Stimulating the contraction of skeletal muscles.

D. Alteration of the rate of metabolism.

4. The primary function of the ovary is to

A. protect the fallopian tubes.

B. produce source of menstrual flow.

C. receptacle of the penis during sexual intercourse.

D. produce secondary oocytes.

5. Which of the following is classified as primary lymphatic organ?

A. Red bone marrow.

B. Spleen.

C. Peyer patches.

D. Lymph nodes.

6. Which of the following two organs function as the most important to eliminate water from human body?

A. The skin and the kidneys.

B. The uterus and the ovary.

C. The spleen and the heart.

D. The stomach and the lungs.

7. _______ is the primary way in which water moves in and out of body compartments.

A. Active transport

B. Endocytosis

C. Osmosis*

D. Phagocytosis

8. The primary function of respiratory system is to

A. transports the gases in the human body.

B. use the gases in metabolism in the cell.

C. produce the gases in the cell.

D. provides the gases exchange in the human body.

9. Which of the following is a hormone that stimulates milk production?

A. Prolactin.*

B. Progesterone.

C. Testosterone.

D. Aldosterone.

10. The P wave of the ECG is associated with

A. atrial depolarization.

B. ventricular depolarization.

C. SA node depolarization.

D. ventricular repolarization.

11. Which of the following statement TRUE about production of concentrated urine?

A. When ADH level is very high, the kidneys produce concentrated urine

B. When ADH level is very low, the kidneys produce concentrated urine

C. When thyroid hormone level is very low, the kidneys produce concentrated urine

D. When thyroid hormone level is very high, the kidneys produce concentrated urine

12. Which of the following is NOT function of blood?

A. Transports nutrients, wastes and gases.

B. Regulates pH.

C. Defends against drug.

D. Distribute heat.

13. Some ________ produce antibodies

A. red blood cells

B. neutrophils

C. lymphocytes*

D. eosiophils

14. The first heart sound (lubb) are the results of the

A. semilunar valves closing

B. atrioventricular valves closing.

C. atrioventricular valves opening.

D. semilunar valves opening.

15. The following statement are correct about large intestine EXCEPT

A. consists anal canal have internal sphincter produce by smooth muscle.

B. extends from the ileocecal sphincter to the anus.

C. consists of the colon and cecum.

D. consists anal canal have internal sphincter produce by skeletal muscle.

16. Blood passing through the tricuspid valve will enter the

A. left atrium.

B. left ventricle.

C. right atrium.

D. right ventricle.

17. The sites of exchange between the blood and the tissues are the

A. arteries.

B. arterioles.

C. capillaries.*

D. veins.

18. Place the following in the order in which blood flows through them, starting with the heart:

1. heart

2. veins

3. capillaries

4. arterioles

5. arteries

6. venules

A. 1, 4, 5, 3, 6, 2

B. 1, 5, 3, 4, 6, 2

C. 1, 5, 4, 6, 3, 2

D. 1, 5, 4, 3, 6, 2

E. 1, 5, 4, 3, 2, 6

19. Which of the following are components female reproductive system?

i. The vagina.

ii. The vulva.

iii. The sertoli cells.

iv. The seminiferous tubules.

A. i and ii*

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

20. Which of the following are FALSE?

i. The urinary system includes a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.

ii. The urinary system use insulin to produce urine.

iii. The urinary system includes organs that urine does not actually enter.

iv. The urinary system shares some structures with the digestive.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

21. Which of the following general functions of electrolytes in the human body?

i. Maintain the acid-base balance.

ii. Cofactors needed for optimal activity of enzymes.

iii. Carry electrical current.

iv. Cofactors needed for active transport of nutrients.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

22. Which of the following is CORRECTLY described?

i. Exhalation occurs when alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure.

ii. Inspiration is the process of bringing air into the lungs.

iii. External Respiration is to conversion of deoxygenated blood into oxygenated.

iv. Air moves into lungs when pressure inside lungs is less than atmospheric pressure.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

23. The oxygen transport in the body include

i. oxyhemoglobin.

ii. dissolved in the plasma.

iii. bicarbonate ion.

iv. carbaminohemoglobin.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

24. Which of the following are TRUE regarding respiratory structure?

i. Secondary bronchi supply each lobe of the lungs.

ii. Trachea extend from the larynx to the primary bronchi.

iii. The alveolus function in gases exchange.

iv. The nasopharynx functions in respiration only.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

25. The digestion includes

i. ingestion.

ii. defecation.

iii. propulsion.

iv. urination.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

26. Which of the following are components of renal tubule?

i. Proximal convoluted tubule.

ii. Loop of Henle.

iii. Distal convoluted tubule.

iv. Nephrons.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

27. How does nonspecific resistance differ from immunity?

i. Nonspecific resistance provides protection against specific foreign antigens.

ii. Nonspecific resistance displays memory.

iii. Nonspecific resistance use lysozyme.

iv. Nonspecific resistance involve the skin.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

28. How does immunity differ from nonspecific defenses?

ii. Immunity provides protection against specific foreign antigens.

iii. Immunity displays memory.

iv. Immunity using sebum.

v. Immunity is a first line defense.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

29. Which of the following are CORRECT?

i. The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens is called immunology.

ii. Antigens are substances recognized as foreign by the immune responses.

iii. The ability to ward off the pathogens that produce disease is called resistance.

iv. Immunity is the ability of the body to defend itself against specific invading agents.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

30. Which of the following are TRUE about the uterus?

i. It serves as part of the pathway for sperm.

ii. It is involved in labor.

iii. It is produce semen.

iv. It is produce estrogen.

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

PART C : TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS (10 MARKS)

Indicate if each of the statements below is TRUE or FALSE.

1. The female reproductive cycle

a. include the ovarian cycle.

b. have the hormonal not changes that accompany the reproductive cycle.

c. do not changes in the breast and cervix associated with the reproductive cycle.

d. not use FSH hormone.

e. include the uterine cycle.

2. The following is characteristic of kidneys in general.

a. The kidneys function is to store urine.

b. In females, kidneys an anterior to vagina.

c. The ureter enter the kidneys near two posterior points in the triangle.

d. The nephron is functional unit of the kidney.

e. The kidneys function is to produce urine.

PART E : FILL IN THE BLANK QUESTIONS (10 MARKS)

Fill in the blank area with appropriate answers.

1. ___________ are infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.

2. The branch of science that deals with the responses of the body when challenged by antigens is called ________________.

3. __________ effective against fungi, viruses, parasites, cancer, and tissue transplants

4. _________ is a protein that can combine specifically with the antigenic determinant on the antigen that triggered its production.

5. An individual who possesses the ability to fight off infection is said to be _____ to the disease.

6. The _______ receives the bolus from esophagus and delivers chyme to the duodenum.

7. The ________ is the heaviest gland in the body and the second largest organ in the body after the skin.

8. Pancreatic _______ is a enzyme converts triglycerides to fatty acids.

9. The large intestine include the cecum, colon, _________ , and anal.

10. The sublingual gland secretes the ___________.

SECTION 2

PART A : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (20 MARKS)

Answer ALL questions.

1. Differentiate between metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis. (5 Marks)

2. Describe FIVE (5) functions of kidneys. (5 Marks)

3. Explain FIVE (5) antibody actions in the human body. (5 Marks)

4. Determine the characteristics of pharynx. (5 Marks)

PART B : ESSAY QUESTIONS (20 MARKS)

Answer TWO (2) questions only.

Question 1

Compare between first line of defense with second line of defense. (10 Marks)

Question 2

a. Determine only FOUR (4) characteristics of small intestine. (4 Marks)

b. Describe briefly SIX (6) part of gastrointestinal tract and it’s functions. (6 Marks)

Question 3

a. Explain TWO (2) characteristics of internal respiration. (2 Marks)

b. Determine THREE (3) directly factor involve to control the rate of gas exchange. (3 Marks)

c. Describe FIVE (5) characteristics of larynx. (5 marks)

Question 4

Discuss briefly FOUR (4) phases of the Female Reproductive Cycle. (10 Marks)

1/2009/2010

PART A : OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS (30 Marks)

Choose the best option to answer the questions.

1. Which of the choices below is NOT a function of testosterone?

A. Stimulates the male pattern of development

B. Contributes to male sexual behavior and spermatogenesis

C. Stimulates protein synthesis

D. Stimulates mammary gland development*

2. Fertilization generally occurs in the

A. Fallopian tubes*

B. Ovary

C. Uterus

D. Vagina

3. The following is characteristics of T lymphocytes in general

A. produce from spleen

B. mature in thymus

C. produce antibodies

D. involve in first line defenses

4. The primary function of the uterus is to

A. protect the ovaries

B. synthesize female hormones

C. regulate the ovarian and menstrual cycles

D. receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized ovum

5. Which of the following is classified as intracellular fluids?

A. Plasma

B. Lymph

C. Cytosol*

D. Cerebrospinal fluid

6. Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

A. The lungs and the kidneys*

B. The adrenal glands and the testes

C. The thyroid gland and the heart

D. The stomach and the liver

https://subjecto.com/flashcards/exam-practice-chapter-26/

7. The pH of body fluids is a measurement of the ____ concentration of those fluids.

A. Na+

B. Ca2+

C. H+*

D. Cl-

8. The ________ prevents the movement of food deep into the trachea.

A. nasopharynx

B. epiglottis*

C. uvula

D. cricoid cartilage

9. Which of the following is NOT considered part of the respiratory system?

A. Nose

B. Mouth*

C. Throat

D. Larynx

10. Which of the following is CORRECT?

A. Active transport is the primary way in which water moves in and out of body compartments--osmosis

B. About two-thirds of the body’s fluid is located in cells and is called intracellular fluid (ICF)--within

C. The elimination of excess body water occurs mainly by perspiration--urine

D. Most of the extracellular fluid is located within the lymphatic vessels--lymph*

11. Which of the following statement TRUE about production of dilute urine?

A. When ADH level is very high, the kidneys produce dilute urine

B. When ADH level is very low, the kidneys produce dilute urine*

C. When thyroid hormone level is very low, the kidneys produce dilute urine

D. When thyroid hormone level is very high, the kidneys produce dilute urine

12. The ________ cells secrete bile.

A. submandibular

B. goblet

C. parietal

D. liver*

13. Which of the following statement about the urinary bladder is NOT TRUE?

A. In females, urinary bladder is anterior to vagina, inferior to uterus

B. The ureters enter the urinary bladder near two posterior points in the triangle; urethra drains urinary bladder from anterior point of triangle

C. The nephron is the functional unit of the urinary bladder*

D. In males, urinary bladder lies anterior to rectum

14. Which of the following is a hormone that promotes sodium transport from the filtrate?

A. Aldosterone*--Aldosterone, a hormone produced by the adrenal cortex of the kidneys, enhances Na⁺ reabsorption from the extracellular fluids and subsequent water reabsorption by diffusion.

B. Renin

C. ADH

D. Androgen

15. The following statement are correct about small intestine EXCEPT

A. Extends from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal sphincter

B. Consists of the colon and anus*--large intestine

C. The major site of digestion and absorption

D. Consists of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum

16. Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?

A. Regulation of blood volume

B. Excretion of wastes and foreign substances

C. Regulation of blood ionic composition

D. Transport urine to the urinary bladder*

17. Regarding saliva

i. is largely secreted by the parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands

ii. rich in amylase comes primarily from the parotid and submandibular glands

iii. helps moisten food so that it can be swallowed

iv. contains primarily water

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

18. Which of the following are components of the urinary system?

i. Two kidney

ii. Two ureters

iii. One urinary bladder

iv. One urethra

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

19. Which of the following the accessory organ of digestion?

i. A tooth

ii. The liver

iii. The gall bladder

iv. The esophagus, mouth, stomach, intestine=functional segment

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

20. Which of the following are CORRECT?

i. The digestive system includes a tube that extends from the mouth to the anus

ii. The digestive system includes organs that food does not actually enter

iii. The digestive system shares some structures with the respiratory

iv. The digestive system shares some structures with the urinary

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

21. Which of the following directly factors in the rate of gas exchange?

i. Difference in the partial pressures of a gas

ii. Solubility of a gas

iii. Size (molecular weight) of a gas

iv. Diffusion distance

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

22. Which of the following is CORRECTLY described?

i. Pharynx: connect trachea to the lungs--larynx

ii. Laryngopharynx: receives only food--respiration & digestion

iii. Nasopharynx: usually receives only air, helps equalize pressure in ear

iv. Oropharynx: receives food and air, contains palatine and lingual tonsils

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

23. The basic steps of gas exchange, or respiration, in the body include

i. External respiration

ii. Pulmonary ventilation

iii. Internal respiration

iv. Pulmonary respiration

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

24. Regarding body fluids

i. consist of water and dissolved solutes

ii. separate by selectively permeable membranes into distinct compartments

iii. are described as intracellular or extracellular based on their locations

iv. consist electrolytes, compounds that dissociate into ions

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

25. The second line of defense against pathogens include

i. inflammation

ii. phagocytosis

iii. activation complement

iv. fever

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above*

26. Which of the following are considered part of the lymphatic system?

i. Yellow bone marrow

ii. Spinal cord

iii. Spleen

iv. Lymph nodes

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv*

C. i, ii and iii

D. All of the above

27. How does immunity differ from nonspecific defenses?

i. Immunity provides protection against specific foreign antigens

ii. Immunity displays memory

iii. Immunity use sebum

iv. Immunity is a first line defense

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

28. The lymphatic system functions include

i. reabsorbing fluid lost from the capillaries and transporting it to the blood

ii. absorbing fats from the digestive system--lipids, vitamin

iii. defending the body against infectious disease

iv. absorbing carbohydrate from the digestive system

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

29. Which of the following are CORRECT?

i. Gonads produce gametes and secrete sex hormones

ii. Ducts store and transport gametes

iii. Accessory glands produce substances that protect the gametes--and facilitate movement

iv. Uterus is a part of the male reproductive system--female

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

30. Which of the following are TRUE about the semen?

i. It contains sperm and seminal fluids

ii. It contains an antibiotic called seminal plasmin

iii. It provides sperm with a transportation medium and nutrients

iv. It produces in the ovary

A. i and ii

B. iii and iv

C. i, ii and iii*

D. All of the above

4. Fill in the blank.

a. Respiratory ________ occurs when pressure carbon dioxide is too low in the blood.

b. The hormone ________ seems to increase sodium reabsorption into the blood vessels.

c. The most important hormone that regulates calcium ions in the body is ________.

d. _________ is the most abundant cation in intracellular fluid.

e. _________ is the main component of all body fluids.

f. The _____ are the female gonads.

g. The _____ are the sites of sperm production.

h. Oogenesis occurs in the ovaries and it results in the formation of a single haploid _________.

i. The _____ glands are the modified sweat glands involved in lactation.

j. _________ is the specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system.

PART C : SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (30 Marks)

Answer THREE (3) questions only.

Question 1

a. Determine FIVE (5) features of the stomach. (5 marks)

b. Discuss FIVE (5) functions of the liver. (5 marks)

Question 2

a. Interpret FIVE (5) antibody actions in the human body (5 marks)

b. Describe FIVE (5) the first line of defense in the human body. (5 marks)

Question 3

a. Explain TWO (2) ways Oxygen is carried by blood in the human body. (2 Marks)

b. Describe THREE (3) ways Carbon Dioxide is carried by blood in the human body. (3 Marks)

c. Determine FIVE (5) characteristics of larynx. (5 marks)

Question 4

a. State THREE (3) major mechanisms to regulate pH in the human body. (3 marks)

b. Explain THREE (3) principal buffer systems in the human body. (3 marks)

c. Discuss FOUR (4) general functions of the electrolytes. (4 Marks)

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