这是Form 5的化学。
Rate of Reaction
Intro: #the change in amount of reactant or product in unit of time.
#Calculation:
这里就要多算几次，习惯了就没什么问题了。做题千万别大意就行。
1. Chemical Reaction
#Fast#high rate#short time to complete#neutralisation, burning of fuels, precipitation，...
#Slow#low rate#long time to complete#rusting of iron, photosynthesis, fermentation，...
2. Factor
#total surface area of reactants (solids)
#concentration of reactants (solutions)
#pressure of reactants (gases)
#temperature of reaction
#presence/quantity of catalyst
这里有实验，记得读完并且记住graph是怎么画的。读多几次，不然会搞乱。
3. Collision Theory
#catalyst provides an alternative path of reaction which needs lower activation energy. More colliding particles achive activation energy.
#frequency of collision between particles (increase)
#frequency of effective collision between particles (increase)
这个建议读catalyst, activation energy, effective collision的。
Carbon Compounds
这一课比较多，老师通常上半年会尽力教完，多数需要背或记起来，不然考试遇到这一课就死定了。
因为太多，所以我给送几张照片，算是这一课的summary，反正其他的我都放弃了呵。
Intro: #covalent compounds#contain carbon
#organic(plants and animals)
#inorganic(no carbon)
#hydrocarbon#only H and C#main source: petroleum (decomposition of plants and animals)(mixture of different molecular size hydrocarbon)
#different size,different boiling points
#saturated(single covalent bonds)
#unsaturated(double)
1. Alkanes
#saturated hydrocarbon
#CnH2n+2(n=1,2,3...)
#C-C
#single C-C bond
2. Alkenes
#unsaturated hydrocarbon
#CnH2n(n=2,3,4...)
#C=C
#double C=C bond
3. Alcohol
#CnH2n+1OH(n=1,2,3...)
#-OH
#hydroxyl group
4. Homologous Series
Isomerism
5. Carboxylic acids
#CnH2n+1COOH(n=0,1,2...)
#-COOH
#carboxyl group
6. Ester
#CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1(m=0,1,2...;n=1,2,3...)
#-COO-
7. Fats
8. Natural rubber
Oxidation and Reduction
1. Oxidation
#lose hydrogen atom, gain oxygen atom, lose electron, increase in oxidation no.
#reducing agent
#donates electron
2. Reduction
#gain hydrogen atom, lose oxygen atom, gain electron, decrease in oxidation no.
#oxidising agent
#receives electron
3. Oxidation no.
#all elements 0
#hydrogen +1
#oxygen in oxides -2
#alkali metals +1
#halogens in halides -1
#ions carry charge
4. Rusting
5. Reactivity series of metals and application
6. Electrolytic and chemical cells
Thermochemistry
1. Chemical reactions
#exothermic#release heat to surroundings#temperature of reaction mixture increases#reactants contain more energy than products
#endothermic#absorbs heat from surroundings#temperature of reaction mixture decreases#reactants contain less energy than products
2. Heat of precipitation
#heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution.
3. Heat of displacement
#heat change when 1 mole of metal is displaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal.
4. Heat of Neutralisation
#heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from neutralisation of acid with an alkali.
5. Heat of Combustion
#heat released when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
6. Calculation
#write down balanced chemical equation
#heat change=mcθ
#no of moles, n=MV/100(solution)
#n=mass/molar mass(solid)
#heat of reaction,∆H=mcθ/n
#temperature,θ
Chemicals for Consumers
1. Soap and detergent
2. Food additives
#preservative#prevent or slow down food spoilage#vinegar in pickles, sugar in jams, salt in salted fish and shrimps, sausage, sauce, juice#sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate, sulphur dioxide
#antioxidant#prevent or slow down oxidation in food#Ascorbic acid in biscuits and cakes, citric acid
#flavouring#improve the smell, enhance natural flavour, artificial flavour, sweeten food#vanilla essence, pandan extract#MonoSodium Glutamate, ester, Aspartame (sugar)#ice cream, meat, soup
#stabiliser#improve the texture and consistency by giving firmer texture#Lecithin, Gelatin#ice cream
#thickening#thicken food#Acacia gum, Pectin, Gelatin#jelly
#colouring/dye#restore the colour, make appearance look more attractive#Azo compounds, sunset yellow, tartrazine, Triphenyl compounds#orange juice
3. Medicine
#modern
#analgesic#relieves pain#paracetamol, codeine, aspirin#gastric, stomach ulcer...
#antibiotic#kills or slow down the growth of bacteria, treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi#Streptomycin, penicilline#create resistance to bacterial strand, side effects: headache, allergic, dizziness...
#psychotherapeutic#stimulants, antidepressant, antipsychotics#control abnormal behaviour, reduce fatigue, tension, anxiety and psychiatric illness#Tranquiliser, Amphetamine, Chloropromazine#addiction
#synthetic hormones#supplement hormones#insulin, cortisone#diffuculty in balancing the correct amount
#traditional
#ginger-bloating, joint pain, headache
#garlic-act as antiseptic, joint pain, prevent flu, blood pressure
#Tongkar Ali-as aphrodisiac, increase the male libido
#Misai Kucing-diabetes
#Hempedu Bumi-diabetes
#Pegaga-hypertension
#Aloe Vera-skin wound
#bitter gourd-diabetes
#hibiscus-hair loss
#turmeric-pimples
#tamarind-cough
#sea horse-asthma
#Quinine-Malaria
#Centella Asiatica-inflammation
Reference: image from Google and Top up Chemistry by Pelangi publishing.
Rate of Reaction
Intro: #the change in amount of reactant or product in unit of time.
#Calculation:
这里就要多算几次，习惯了就没什么问题了。做题千万别大意就行。
1. Chemical Reaction
#Fast#high rate#short time to complete#neutralisation, burning of fuels, precipitation，...
#Slow#low rate#long time to complete#rusting of iron, photosynthesis, fermentation，...
2. Factor
#total surface area of reactants (solids)
#concentration of reactants (solutions)
#pressure of reactants (gases)
#temperature of reaction
#presence/quantity of catalyst
这里有实验，记得读完并且记住graph是怎么画的。读多几次，不然会搞乱。
3. Collision Theory
#catalyst provides an alternative path of reaction which needs lower activation energy. More colliding particles achive activation energy.
#frequency of collision between particles (increase)
#frequency of effective collision between particles (increase)
这个建议读catalyst, activation energy, effective collision的。
Carbon Compounds
这一课比较多，老师通常上半年会尽力教完，多数需要背或记起来，不然考试遇到这一课就死定了。
因为太多，所以我给送几张照片，算是这一课的summary，反正其他的我都放弃了呵。
Intro: #covalent compounds#contain carbon
#organic(plants and animals)
#inorganic(no carbon)
#hydrocarbon#only H and C#main source: petroleum (decomposition of plants and animals)(mixture of different molecular size hydrocarbon)
#different size,different boiling points
#saturated(single covalent bonds)
#unsaturated(double)
1. Alkanes
#saturated hydrocarbon
#CnH2n+2(n=1,2,3...)
#C-C
#single C-C bond
2. Alkenes
#unsaturated hydrocarbon
#CnH2n(n=2,3,4...)
#C=C
#double C=C bond
3. Alcohol
#CnH2n+1OH(n=1,2,3...)
#-OH
#hydroxyl group
4. Homologous Series
Isomerism
5. Carboxylic acids
#CnH2n+1COOH(n=0,1,2...)
#-COOH
#carboxyl group
6. Ester
#CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+1(m=0,1,2...;n=1,2,3...)
#-COO-
7. Fats
8. Natural rubber
Oxidation and Reduction
1. Oxidation
#lose hydrogen atom, gain oxygen atom, lose electron, increase in oxidation no.
#reducing agent
#donates electron
2. Reduction
#gain hydrogen atom, lose oxygen atom, gain electron, decrease in oxidation no.
#oxidising agent
#receives electron
3. Oxidation no.
#all elements 0
#hydrogen +1
#oxygen in oxides -2
#alkali metals +1
#halogens in halides -1
#ions carry charge
4. Rusting
5. Reactivity series of metals and application
6. Electrolytic and chemical cells
Thermochemistry
 |
1. Chemical reactions
#exothermic#release heat to surroundings#temperature of reaction mixture increases#reactants contain more energy than products
#endothermic#absorbs heat from surroundings#temperature of reaction mixture decreases#reactants contain less energy than products
2. Heat of precipitation
#heat change when 1 mole of precipitate is formed from its ions in aqueous solution.
3. Heat of displacement
#heat change when 1 mole of metal is displaced from its solution by a more electropositive metal.
4. Heat of Neutralisation
#heat released when 1 mole of water is formed from neutralisation of acid with an alkali.
5. Heat of Combustion
#heat released when 1 mole of fuel is burnt completely in excess oxygen.
6. Calculation
#write down balanced chemical equation
#heat change=mcθ
#no of moles, n=MV/100(solution)
#n=mass/molar mass(solid)
#heat of reaction,∆H=mcθ/n
#temperature,θ
Chemicals for Consumers
1. Soap and detergent
2. Food additives
#preservative#prevent or slow down food spoilage#vinegar in pickles, sugar in jams, salt in salted fish and shrimps, sausage, sauce, juice#sodium nitrate, sodium benzoate, sulphur dioxide
#antioxidant#prevent or slow down oxidation in food#Ascorbic acid in biscuits and cakes, citric acid
#flavouring#improve the smell, enhance natural flavour, artificial flavour, sweeten food#vanilla essence, pandan extract#MonoSodium Glutamate, ester, Aspartame (sugar)#ice cream, meat, soup
#stabiliser#improve the texture and consistency by giving firmer texture#Lecithin, Gelatin#ice cream
#thickening#thicken food#Acacia gum, Pectin, Gelatin#jelly
#colouring/dye#restore the colour, make appearance look more attractive#Azo compounds, sunset yellow, tartrazine, Triphenyl compounds#orange juice
3. Medicine
#modern
#analgesic#relieves pain#paracetamol, codeine, aspirin#gastric, stomach ulcer...
#antibiotic#kills or slow down the growth of bacteria, treat infections caused by bacteria or fungi#Streptomycin, penicilline#create resistance to bacterial strand, side effects: headache, allergic, dizziness...
#psychotherapeutic#stimulants, antidepressant, antipsychotics#control abnormal behaviour, reduce fatigue, tension, anxiety and psychiatric illness#Tranquiliser, Amphetamine, Chloropromazine#addiction
#synthetic hormones#supplement hormones#insulin, cortisone#diffuculty in balancing the correct amount
#traditional
#ginger-bloating, joint pain, headache
#garlic-act as antiseptic, joint pain, prevent flu, blood pressure
#Tongkar Ali-as aphrodisiac, increase the male libido
#Misai Kucing-diabetes
#Hempedu Bumi-diabetes
#Pegaga-hypertension
#Aloe Vera-skin wound
#bitter gourd-diabetes
#hibiscus-hair loss
#turmeric-pimples
#tamarind-cough
#sea horse-asthma
#Quinine-Malaria
#Centella Asiatica-inflammation
Reference: image from Google and Top up Chemistry by Pelangi publishing.
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